Advanced I/O & Exception Handling

Slides version: lecture15_slides.html Website version: lecture15.html

• Detail in iostream, fstream & stringstream
  • Stream Operator & Manipulator
  • Stream Status & Error Handling

• Exception & Exception Handling
  • What is an exception?
  • How to handle exceptions?
  • How many types of exceptions?
    • std::exception class
  • iostream, fstream & exception handling

• Example: Exception Handling, iostream & fstream Error Handling
• Practices

Stream Operator & Manipulator

<< & >> stream operator

Discussed in lecture14

Stream Manipulator

Ref: Manipulators in C++ with Examples

There are two types of manipulators in C++:

1. Manipulators without arguments:
   • endl (output \n and flush), ws (consume whitespace), ends (output \0), flush (flush output buffer to terminal)
2. Manipulators with Arguments: Some of the manipulators are used with the argument like setw(20), setfill(*), and many more.

• In <ios>:
  • (no)boolalpha, (no)uppercase, (no)showbase, (no)showpos, (no)showpoint, (no)skipws, (no)unitbuf, internal, left, right, hex, dec, oct, fixed, scientific
• In <iomanip>:
  • setw(val), setfill(c), setprecision(val), setbase(val), setiosflags(flag), resetiosflags(m)

(no)boolalpha

Ref: std::boolalpha, std::noboolalpha

#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
    // boolalpha output
    std::cout << std::boolalpha 
              << "boolalpha true: " << true << '\n'
              << "boolalpha false: " << false << '\n';
    std::cout << std::noboolalpha 
              << "noboolalpha true: " << true << '\n'
              << "noboolalpha false: " << false << '\n';
    // boolalpha parse
    bool b1, b2;
    std::istringstream is("true false");
    is >> std::boolalpha >> b1 >> b2;
    std::cout << '\"' << is.str() << "\" parsed as " << b1 << ' ' << b2 << '\n';
}

(no)uppercase, (no)showbase

Ref: std::showbase, std::noshowbase, std::uppercase, std::nouppercase

#include <sstream>
#include <locale>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
int main()
{
    // showbase affects the output of octals and hexadecimals
    std::cout << std::hex
              << "showbase: " << std::showbase << 42 << '\n'
              << "noshowbase: " << std::noshowbase << 42 << '\n';
    // uppercase affects the output of hexadecimals
    std::cout << std::hex << std::showbase
              << "0x2a with uppercase: " << std::uppercase << 0x2a << '\n'
              << "0x2a with nouppercase: " << std::nouppercase << 0x2a << '\n'
              << "1e-10 with uppercase: " << std::uppercase << 1e-10 << '\n'
              << "1e-10 with nouppercase: " << std::nouppercase << 1e-10 << '\n';
}

(no)showpos, (no)showpoint

Ref: std::showpos, std::noshowpos, std::showpoint, std::noshowpoint

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
    std::cout << "1.0 with showpoint: " << std::showpoint << 1.0 << '\n'
              << "1.0 with noshowpoint: " << std::noshowpoint << 1.0 << '\n';
    std::cout
        << "showpos: " << std::showpos << 42 << ' ' << 3.14 << ' ' << 0 << '\n'
        << "noshowpos: " << std::noshowpos << 42 << ' ' << 3.14 << ' ' << 0 << '\n';
}

(no)skipws

Ref: std::skipws, std::noskipws

#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
int main()
{
    char c1, c2, c3;
    std::istringstream("a b c") >> c1 >> c2 >> c3;
    std::cout << "Default  behavior: c1 = " << c1 << " c2 = " << c2 << " c3 = " << c3 << '\n';
    std::istringstream("a b c") >> std::noskipws >> c1 >> c2 >> c3;
    std::cout << "noskipws behavior: c1 = " << c1 << " c2 = " << c2 << " c3 = " << c3 << '\n';
}

internal, left, right

Ref: std::left, std::right, std::internal

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <locale>

int main()
{
    std::cout.imbue(std::locale("en_US.utf8"));

    std::cout << "Default positioning:\n"
              << std::setfill('*')
              << std::setw(12) << -1.23 << '\n'
              << std::setw(12) << std::hex << std::showbase << 42 << '\n'
              << std::setw(12) << std::put_money(123, true) << "\n\n";

    std::cout << "Left positioning:\n"
              << std::left
              << std::setw(12) << -1.23 << '\n'
              << std::setw(12) << 42 << '\n'
              << std::setw(12) << std::put_money(123, true) << "\n\n";

    std::cout << "Internal positioning:\n"
              << std::internal
              << std::setw(12) << -1.23 << '\n'
              << std::setw(12) << 42 << '\n'
              << std::setw(12) << std::put_money(123, true) << "\n\n";

    std::cout << "Right positioning:\n"
              << std::right
              << std::setw(12) << -1.23 << '\n'
              << std::setw(12) << 42 << '\n'
              << std::setw(12) << std::put_money(123, true) << '\n';
}

hex, dec, oct

Ref: std::dec, std::hex, std::oct

#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <bitset>
int main()
{
    std::cout << "The number 42 in octal:   " << std::oct << 42 << '\n'
              << "The number 42 in decimal: " << std::dec << 42 << '\n'
              << "The number 42 in hex:     " << std::hex << 42 << '\n';
    int n;
    std::istringstream("2A") >> std::hex >> n;
    std::cout << std::dec << "Parsing \"2A\" as hex gives " << n << '\n';
    // the output base is sticky until changed
    std::cout << std::hex << "42 as hex gives " << 42
              << " and 21 as hex gives " << 21 << '\n';

    // Note: there is no I/O manipulator that sets up a stream to print out
    // numbers in binary format (e.g. bin). If binary output is necessary
    // the std::bitset trick can be used:
    std::cout << "The number 42 in binary:  " << std::bitset<8>{42} << '\n';
}

fixed, scientific

Ref: std::fixed, std::scientific

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <sstream>
 
enum class cap { title, middle, end };
void print(const char* text, double num, cap c)
{
    if (c == cap::title) std::cout <<
    "┌──────────┬────────────┬──────────────────────────┐\n"
    "│  number  │   iomanip  │      representation      │\n"
    "├──────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────────┤\n"
    ;
    std::cout << std::left
    << "│ " << std::setw(8) << text << " │ fixed      │ "
    << std::setw(24) << std::fixed        << num << " │\n"
    << "│ " << std::setw(8) << text << " │ scientific │ "
    << std::setw(24) << std::scientific   << num << " │\n"
    << "│ " << std::setw(8) << text << " │ hexfloat   │ "
    << std::setw(24) << std::hexfloat     << num << " │\n"
    << "│ " << std::setw(8) << text << " │ default    │ "
    << std::setw(24) << std::defaultfloat << num << " │\n"
    ;
    std::cout << (c != cap::end ?
    "├──────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────────┤\n" :
    "└──────────┴────────────┴──────────────────────────┘\n" );
}

int main()
{
    print("0.0", 0.0, cap::title);
    print("0.01", 0.01, cap::middle);
    print("0.00001", 0.00001, cap::end);
 
    // Note; choose clang for correct output
    double f;
    std::istringstream("0x1.8p+0") >> f;
    std::cout << "Parsing 0x1.8p+0 gives " << f << '\n';
 
    std::istringstream("0x1P-1022") >> f;
    std::cout << "Parsing 0x1P-1022 gives " << f << '\n';
}

setw(val), setfill(c)

Ref: std::setw, std::setfill

#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>

int main()
{
    std::cout << "default fill: [" << std::setw(10) << 42 << "]\n"
              << "setfill('*'): [" << std::setfill('*')
              << std::setw(10) << 42 << "]\n";
    std::cout << "no setw: [" << 42 << "]\n"
              << "setw(6): [" << std::setw(6) << 42 << "]\n"
              << "setw(6), several elements: [" << 89 << std::setw(6) << 12 << 34 << "]\n";
    std::istringstream is("hello, world");
    char arr[10];
    is >> std::setw(6) >> arr;
    std::cout << "Input from \"" << is.str() << "\" with setw(6) gave \""
              << arr << "\"\n";
}

setprecision(val)

Ref: std::setprecision

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cmath>
#include <limits>
int main()
{
    const long double pi = std::acos(-1.L);
    std::cout << "default precision (6): " << pi << '\n'
              << "std::setprecision(10): " << std::setprecision(10) << pi << '\n'
              << "max precision:         "
              << std::setprecision(std::numeric_limits<long double>::digits10 + 1)
              << pi << '\n';
}

setbase(val), alias of std::oct, std::dec, std::hex

Ref: std::setbase

#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <iomanip>
int main()
{
    std::cout << "Parsing string \"10 0x10 010\"\n";

    int n1, n2, n3;
    std::istringstream s("10 0x10 010");
    s >> std::setbase(16) >> n1 >> n2 >> n3;
    std::cout << "hexadecimal parse: " << n1 << ' ' << n2 << ' ' << n3 << '\n';

    s.clear();
    s.seekg(0);
    s >> std::setbase(0) >> n1 >> n2 >> n3;
    std::cout << "prefix-dependent parse: " << n1 << ' ' << n2 << ' ' << n3 << '\n';

    std::cout << "hex output: " << std::setbase(16)
              << std::showbase << n1 << ' ' << n2 << ' ' << n3 << '\n';
}

setiosflags(flag), resetiosflags(m)

Ref: std::setiosflags, std::resetiosflags

#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
int main()
{
    if (false)
    {
        std::cout << std::resetiosflags(std::ios_base::dec)
                  << std::setiosflags(std::ios_base::hex | std::ios_base::uppercase | std::ios_base::showbase) << 42 << '\n';
    }
    else
    {
        std::istringstream in("10 010 10 010 10 010");
        int n1, n2;
        in >> std::oct >> n1 >> n2;
        std::cout << "Parsing \"10 010\" with std::oct gives:  " << n1 << ' ' << n2 << '\n';
        in >> std::dec >> n1 >> n2;
        std::cout << "Parsing \"10 010\" with std::dec gives:  " << n1 << ' ' << n2 << '\n';
        in >> std::resetiosflags(std::ios_base::basefield) >> n1 >> n2;
        std::cout << "Parsing \"10 010\" with autodetect gives: " << n1 << ' ' << n2 << '\n';
    }
}

Stream Status & Error Handling

Ref: std::basic_ios, std::ios_base::iostate

• 4 states: .good(), .eof(), .fail(), .bad()
  • .good(): checks if no error has occurred i.e. I/O operations are available.
  • .eof(): checks if end-of-file has been reached.
  • .fail(): checks if an error has occurred.
  • .bad(): checks if a non-recoverable error has occurred.

all of them are based on ios_base::iostate

• badbit: true if the stream has an irrecoverable stream error
• eofbit: true if the stream's associated input sequence has reached end-of-file
• failbit: true if the stream has an input/output operation failed (formatting or extraction error)

When will badbit be set

The badbit is set by the following situations:

• Fails to insert a character into the output stream, for any reason.
• operator<< encounter the end of the output stream before completing output.
• Initialize a stream with a NULL pointer.
• called on a stream with a NULL pointer buffer.
• A NULL pointer is passed as the argument.
• Buffer opeartions are returned with EOF value.
• Every stream I/O function if an exception is thrown by any member function of the associated stream buffer.
• Failure to allocate memory.

When will eofbit be set

The eofbit is set by the following situations:

• Reaching the end of the stream, as opposed to reaching the specified terminating character.

When will failbit be set

The failbit is set by the following situations:

• Initialize a stream while the stream either eofbit or badbit is set.
• Extract invalid characters/invalid format/no characters or extract a NULL pointer.
• Extract basic_string::max_size characters from the input stream.
• If the end-of-file condition occurs on the input stream before all requested characters could be extracted.
• seekg or tellp on failure
• The constructors of fstream, ifstream, and ofstream that takes a filename argument, if the file cannot be opened.
• fstream::open, ifstream::open, and ofstream::open if the file cannot be opened.
• fstream::close, ifstream::close, and ofstream::close if the file cannot be closed.

Relation between iostate flags and stream status

Exception & Exception Handling

• What is an exception?
• How to handle exceptions?
• How many types of exceptions?
• iostream, fstream & exception handling

What is an exception?

Ref: Exception Handling in C++

Exceptions are run-time anomalies or abnormal conditions that a program encounters during its execution. There are two types of exceptions: a) Synchronous b) Asynchronous (Ex: which are beyond the program's control, Disc failure etc).

How to handle exceptions?

In C++, exceptions are handled by the following statements:

try
{
    // a exception variable, could be any type
    // and could be used without declaration
    exception_type e;

    // statements to be executed

    // if exception occurs, throw the exception
    throw e;
}
catch (exception_type e)
{
    // statements to handle any exception thrown
}

Example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int x = -1;

    // Some code
    cout << "Before try \n";
    try
    {
        cout << "Inside try \n";
        if (x < 0)
        {
            throw x;
            cout << "After throw (Never executed) \n";
        }
    }
    catch (int x)
    {
        cout << "Exception Caught \n";
    }

    cout << "After catch (Will be executed) \n";
    return 0;
}

Example: multiple catch blocks & default catch block

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    try
    {
        throw 10;
    }
    catch (char *excp)
    {
        cout << "Caught " << excp;
    }
    catch (...)
    {
        cout << "Default Exception\n";
    }
    return 0;
}

Example: uncaught exception

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    try
    {
        // error, unhandled exception
        throw 'a';
    }
    catch (int x)
    {
        cout << "Caught ";
    }
    return 0;
}

Example: Nesting of exceptions

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    try
    {
        try
        {
            throw 20;
        }
        catch (int n)
        {
            cout << "Handle Partially ";
            throw; // Re-throwing an exception
        }
    }
    catch (int n)
    {
        cout << "Handle remaining ";
    }
    return 0;
}

Example: class & exception

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Test
{
public:
    Test() { cout << "Constructor of Test " << endl; }
    ~Test() { cout << "Destructor of Test " << endl; }
};

int main()
{
    try
    {
        Test t1;
        throw 10;
    }
    catch (int i)
    {
        cout << "Caught " << i << endl;
    }
}

Example: class inheritance & exception

// C++ Program to demonstrate a catching of
// Derived exception and printing it successfully
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Base
{
};
class Derived : public Base
{
};
int main()
{
    Derived d;
    // Some other functionalities
    try
    {
        // Monitored code
        throw d;
    }
    catch (Derived d)
    {
        // the derived class object should be caught before the base class object
        // else the base class object will always be caught
        cout << "Caught Derived Exception";
    }
    catch (Base b)
    {
        cout << "Caught Base Exception";
    }
    getchar(); // To read the next character
    return 0;
}

How many types of exceptions?

There are three types of exceptions:

• any preliminary types (e.g., int, char, float, etc.)
  • Discussed in the previous section
• user-defined types (e.g., class, struct, etc.)
  • Discussed in the previous section
• std::exception

std::exception

Ref: Exception header in C++ with examples

std::exception is the base class of all exceptions in C++ standard library.

exception::what()

Ref: exception::what() in C++ with Examples

To get the description of the exception, use the what() member function. The example below shows how to use the what() member function and how it works.

// C++ code for exception::what()
#include <iostream>
#include <exception>
using namespace std;
class geeksforgeeks : public exception
{
public:
    const char *what() const noexcept
    {
        return "Hey!!";
    }
};

// main method
int main()
{
    // try block
    try
    {
        throw geeksforgeeks();
    }
    // catch block to handle the errors
    catch (exception &gfg)
    {
        cout << gfg.what();
    }
    return 0;
}

Example: std::bad_alloc

// C++ program to illustrate bad_alloc
// using class bad_alloc
#include <exception>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Function to illustrate bad_alloc
void createArray(long long N)
{
    // Try Block
    try
    {
        // Create an array of length N
        int *array = new int[N];
        // If created successfully then
        // print the message
        cout << "Array created successfully"
             << " of length " << N << " \n";
    }
    // Check if the memory
    // was allocated or not
    // using class bad_alloc
    catch (bad_alloc &e)
    {
        // If not, print the error message
        cout << e.what()
             << " for array of length "
             << N << " \n";
    }
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
    // Function call to create an
    // array of 1000 size
    createArray(1000);
    // Function call to create an
    // array of 1000000000 size
    createArray(10000000000);
    return 0;
}

Example: std::logic_error

// C++ program to illustrate logic_error
#include <exception>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Function to find factorial of N and
// throws error if occurs
void findFactorial(int N)
{
    // Initialise variable by 1
    int factorial = 1;
    // Check for errors
    try
    {
        // If N is less than zero then,
        // it shows errors as factorial
        // of negative number can't be
        // calculated
        if (N < 0)
        {
            // Exception object which
            // returns the message passed
            // to it
            throw invalid_argument(
                "negative not allowed");
        }
        // Find factorial if no error occurs
        for (int i = N; i > 0; i--)
        {
            factorial *= i;
        }
        cout << "Factorial of " << N
             << " is " << factorial << endl;
    }
    // Print the error message
    catch (exception &e)
    {
        cout << e.what();
    }
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
    // Function call to find factorial
    // of 0
    findFactorial(0);
    // Function call to find factorial
    // of 3
    findFactorial(3);
    // Function call to find factorial
    // of -1
    findFactorial(-1);
    return 0;
}

Example: Divide by zero

Ref: Handling the Divide by Zero Exception in C++

// Program to depict how to handle
// divide by zero exception
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept> // To use runtime_error
using namespace std;
// Defining function Division
float Division(float num, float den)
{
    // If denominator is Zero
    // throw runtime_error
    if (den == 0)
    {
        throw runtime_error("Math error: Attempted to divide by Zero\n");
    }
    // Otherwise return the result of division
    return (num / den);
} // end Division

int main()
{
    float numerator, denominator, result;
    numerator = 12.5;
    denominator = 0;
    // try block calls the Division function
    try
    {
        result = Division(numerator, denominator);
        // this will not print in this example
        cout << "The quotient is "
             << result << endl;
    }
    // catch block catches exception thrown
    // by the Division function
    catch (runtime_error &e)
    {
        // prints that exception has occurred
        // calls the what function
        // using runtime_error object
        cout << "Exception occurred" << endl
             << e.what();
    }
} // end main

iostream, fstream & exception handling

Ref: std::basic_ios::exceptions

To Handle stream .bad(), .fail() and .eof() flags with try ... catch block, use .exceptions() member function to set the exceptions to be thrown. The type of exception thrown is ios_base::failure.

Example:

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>

int main()
{
    int ivalue;
    try
    {
        std::ifstream in("in.txt");
        in.exceptions(std::ifstream::failbit); // may throw
        in >> ivalue;                          // may throw
    }
    catch (const std::ios_base::failure &fail)
    {
        // handle exception here
        std::cout << fail.what() << '\n';
    }
}

Example: Exception Handling, iostream & fstream Error Handling [Source]

Practices

• Try to read/write files in serveral stream formats.
  • std::string, std::hex, std::uppercase, etc.
• Try to handle errors in std::fstream and std::iostream
  • fail to open file, read/write error, invalid format, etc.
• Try to throw/handle exceptions in user-defined class
  • examples in lectrue 2 to lecture 12